Paid Search
Pay-per-click advertisements that appear above (and often below) the organic results on search engines.
Personalization
When search engines use search history, web browsing history, location, and relationships to create a set of search results tailored to a specific user.
Piracy
Search engines aim to reduce the organic search rankings of content that infringes on copyright. Google introduced a filter in 2012 that reduces the visibility of sites reported for numerous DMCA-related takedown requests. Recommended reading: An update to our search algorithms (Google)
Pogo-sticking
When, after entering a query, a searcher bounces back and forth between a SERP and the pages listed in those search results. Also see: Dwell time